indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
confused; chaotic; jumbled; upside-down
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
clamour; clamor; uproar; tumult; furore; furor
no matter what; whatever you say; in the end
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
January; first month of the lunar calendar
twentieth day of the month; twenty days
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
assumption (of office); taking up (a post); inauguration; installation
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
had better ...; had better not ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...