abstention (from voting); renunciation (of a right); withdrawal (from a contest)
school; proof (of a book, document, etc.); counter for proofs
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
opponent; adversary; the competition; the other side; one's enemy
change; modification; alteration; revision; amendment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat
war; battle; match; game; competition
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
honorific/polite/humble prefix
wife; Mrs; (arch.) wife of a nobleman (aristocrat, etc.); (arch.) consort of the emperor
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
satisfaction; contentment; sufficient; satisfactory; satisfying (an equation)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
point (of a story, argument, etc.); point (e.g. in stock exchange movement); percentage point; switch; points; point; site
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)