time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
feelings; thoughts; meaning
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go against; to oppose; to disobey; to defy
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
this way and that; (by) various means; (by) every means
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
domestic affairs; internal administration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put back up; to stand back up; to restore (to former strength); to revive (e.g. the economy); to make again (a plan, policy, etc.); to reformulate
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
eccentric; queer; unconventional; peculiar; original
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
congratulation; celebration
in one's hands; in one's control
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
fierce (fight, competition, etc.); severe; hot; hard; bitter; keen
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to unfold; to unroll; to open
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to cut off; to lop off; to prune
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
a little bit; a little while
meaning; tenor; effect; influence; appearance; aspect
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")