indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
relay; hook-up; relay broadcasting
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
term; period; time frame; time limit; deadline; cutoff (date)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
third day of the month; three days
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
to take out; to produce; to pick out; to fetch; to retrieve
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
charge; custody; safekeeping; deposit; storage
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
exchange; interchange; switching; reciprocity; barter; substitution
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
senior high school student
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively