president (of a nation); big man; boss; buddy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Southern Kuril Islands (held by Russia, claimed by Japan); Northern Territories
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
Island; insula; island; islet
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to state; to express; to mention
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
red earth (i.e. containing cinnabar or minium); vermilion
to include (in a group or scope); to instruct; to make one understand; to include (a nuance); to put in (an implication); to put in (someone's) mouth
consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
to go wrong; to go awry; to go off track; to go out of whack
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); one's husband; (one's) employer; (one's) master; host
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
meaning; significance; sense
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...