indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do what one is told to; to take someone's advice; to listen to what someone says
how; in what way; how about
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
going backward; turning back; backtracking; retrogression; relapse; returning to a bad state
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become frightened; to be frightened (of); to be scared (of)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to recall; to remember; to recollect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
many times over; often; repeatedly; time after time
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
solitude; loneliness; isolation