Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
café; cafe; coffeehouse; hostess bar (serving western alcoholic beverages; Taisho and Showa period)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
suffix for familiar person
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
reckless; thoughtless; rash; ill-advised; impulsive; mad (e.g. scheme)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to soar; to fly high; to be whirled up; to make merry; to be ecstatic; to be in high spirits
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do