deep red; crimson; rouge; lipstick
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
new moon; first day of the lunar month; (in ancient China) next year's calendar and decrees (distributed by the Emperor at year's end)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
please (give me); please (do for me)
to say enough (as much as required); to say plenty; to say well; to say cleverly; to say often; to say frequently
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
western part; the west (of a region); the West (United States)
police; police officer; police station
(medical) doctor; physician
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
country living; life in the country; country life