indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
Fukushima (city, prefecture)
distinguished service; meritorious service
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
fabrication; forgery; falsehood; hoax
article; news story; report; account
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
publication (e.g. of an article in a newspaper); carrying (e.g. a story); running (e.g. a serial); insertion (e.g. of an advertisement); printing; posting (e.g. on the web)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
company; corporation; workplace
company employee; member of a corporation; company stockholder (esp. in legal contexts)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
to take something into ...; to bring in; to lodge (a complaint); to file (a plan); to bring to (a state: tied game, vote, trial, etc.)
twice; again; second time
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
insertion; plug; (electrical) outlet; spasm of pain; griping pain
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from