indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
doubt; question; uncertainty; skepticism; scepticism; suspicion
house; home; one's house; one's home; one's husband
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to ill-treat; to bully; to torment; to be tough on (e.g. one's body); to treat harshly
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at least; at most; (even) just
even if; (it doesn't matter) whether (A or B or ...); whatever; should
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chair; stool; post; office; position
to paint; to plaster; to lacquer; to varnish; to spread; to smear
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
raising one's hand; show of hands (e.g. for a vote); salute
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work