indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
toxic parent; parent who interferes excessively in their children's lives
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
method of bringing up; method of raising
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be sad; to mourn for; to regret
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
sakaki (species of evergreen sacred to Shinto, Cleyera japonica); evergreen (esp. one planted or used at a shrine)
to apologize; to apologise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
moving forward (e.g. vehicle); onward movement; advance (work, procedure, etc.); advancement; progress (of a disease); disease progression
trouble; bother; annoyance
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?