indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
work; business; company; study
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
previous year (fiscal, academic, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
1,000,000,000,000; one trillion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
before one's very eyes; under one's nose; imminence; close at hand
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
young person; youth; young
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
to rise; to swell; to be promoted
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
training (esp. in-service); induction course
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
ready fire-power; battle-ready forces; immediate asset (to a team or firm); someone who can be an immediately effective player or worker
hotelier; hotelkeeper; hotel manager; hotel worker
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
please (give me); please (do for me)
welcome!; nice to see you!
freshman; newly hired career-track company employee
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; our; the ... in question; right; justice; fairness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for