indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
such; this sort of; like this
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
until now; so far; up to the present
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to have a feeling (that); to have a sensation (that)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
equality (esp. of status); equal footing; equal terms
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
family; members of a family
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
without an occupation; unemployed; jobless
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
to follow; to come along with one; to accompany
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
all; entire; whole; altogether
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...