time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Kansei era (1789.1.25-1801.2.5)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
eleven; 11; jack (playing card); Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); Horsfield's hawk cuckoo
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
Tokugawa Ienari (1773.11.18-1841.2.20), Shougun 1786-1837
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beside a nobleman; close aid (of a nobleman, etc.); place where a high ranking person resides; one's own city (of a shogun, lord, etc.); place under one's direct control; one's own turf
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
indeed; really; very; extremely; absolutely; certainly
carefree; optimistic; careless; reckless; heedless; happy-go-lucky
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
for generations; hereditary; generation after generation
senior town administrator (Edo period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
son and heir; son who will succeed one
son (of others); boy; young master; green young man from a well-to-do family; young man innocent of the ways of the world
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
workmanship; craftsmanship; grades; results; quality (e.g. of a crop); dealings
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest