indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(nth) power; counter for vehicles; multiplication; Buddha's teachings
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
isolated island; outlying island; leaving an island
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
barrier; obstacle; difficulty; hurdle; deadlock
school centred on preparing students to get into university; high-level school a person has entered
senior high school; high school
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
last week; the week before
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
application; request; petition
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to break; to snap; to be injured; to wear out; to be worn out; to break; to burst
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to hit (e.g. one's head); to strike; to throw (e.g. a ball, a question, a demand); to express; to vent (e.g. one's anger)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
all present; all concerned; all of us
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
(all) at once; at the same time; in one go; right away; in an instant