indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; dad; husband; you; he
to succeed (someone); to take over from; to pick up the torch
company president; manager; director
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(corporate) bankruptcy; insolvency; commercial failure; failed business
to be crushed; to be smashed; to become useless; to cease functioning; to go bankrupt; to go out of business
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
factory; plant; mill; workshop
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
death; mortality; to die; to pass away
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to leave (in someone's keeping); to put (in someone's care); to put (someone) in charge of; to leave (a matter) in someone's hands; to lean on; to put one's weight on
all; entire; whole; altogether