notice; attention; observation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
(stage) appearance; performance; participation (e.g. in a tournament)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
decisive game; important bout; crucial match
match; game; bout; contest
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana); long-tailed
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
trendy; in; now; currently at ...; now doing ...; in the middle of ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
suffix for familiar person
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to run along; to run beside; to follow (a policy, plan, etc.); to act in accordance with; to meet (wishes, expectations, etc.); to satisfy
beach; seashore; captured pieces (in the game of go); captured stones; Yokohama; (arch.) riverbank
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)