indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
father; dad; husband; you; he
Lord; Highness; (arch.) you
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to be silent; to say nothing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
police; police officer; police station
a family; a household; (one's own) style; school; gang; (yakuza) family
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
family; relatives; dependents; household
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
meeting up; gathering; assembly; set
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
(some) more; even more; longer; further
prioritized; focused; concentrated; predominant
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
judgement; judgment; appraisal (e.g. of an antique); evaluation; forensics; (criminal) identification
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being