indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
prison officer; corrections officer; penal officer; prison guard; jailor; warder
meeting up; gathering; assembly; set
all present; all concerned; all of us
police officer; policeman; policewoman
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Hyogo (prefecture); armory; armoury; arsenal
juvenile prison; juvenile corrective institution
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
escape; flight; breakout; fleeing; desertion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Hyogo prefecture (Kinki area) (Hyougo)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cleaning; dry cleaning; laundry service
shopkeeper; storekeeper; proprietor of a shop
death; mortality; to die; to pass away
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
manslaughter; bodily injury resulting in death
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
penal servitude; serving time in prison; military service; forced labor; compulsory service
chief; head (of an office, of a laboratory)
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
bewilderment; perplexity; embarrassment; discomfiture; bafflement
local residents; neighbours; neighbors
great (quantity, amount, etc.); huge; enormous; serious
trouble; bother; annoyance