indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
liberalization of capital transactions
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Kinki (region around Osaka, Kyoto, Nara)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
within a company; in-house; within a shrine; shrine precincts
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thousand years; very long period; forever
car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
rebuilding; reconstruction; rehabilitation; protoform reconstruction
policy; course; plan (of action); magnetic needle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
definite; final; decisive; conclusive
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
military personnel; soldier
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
1000 ri; (a) long distance
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to feel; to sense; to experience
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to have an accident; to meet with an accident
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)