Ashikaga Yoshiaki (1537-1597.10.9), Shougun 1568-1573
game (contest) held in the presence of a lord (daimyo, shogun)
emperor (of Japan); mikado
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
victory or defeat; issue (of battle); outcome
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
how; in what way; how about; questionable
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
Amida Buddha's original vow; long-cherished desire
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)