Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one day; (on) a certain day
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568 CE); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fine food; high-quality food; gourmet; epicure; gastronome
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to live through; to survive
grand; heroic; sublime; fierce
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Kinoshita Toukichirō (1920.3.25-)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) cabin (on a boat, carriage, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
already; now; no longer; not any more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
Shibata Katsuie (1522?-1583.6.14)
hand-me-down; food offering to the gods; leftovers; trip from Kyoto to the provinces
please (give me); please (do for me)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to pretend not to see; to turn one's back on
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
to scheme; to plan; to play a trick; to invent; to conspire; to frame up
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all