north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
lay judge (2005 reforms); citizen judge; juror
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
least; lowest; worst; awful; horrible; at the very least
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
listening (to a lecture, hearing, parliament session, etc.); attending (without participating); sitting in (e.g. on a meeting); observing
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
hills and fields; countryside
such; this sort of; like this
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
tough; hard; determined; strong-minded; strong (e.g. sunlight, alcohol); severe
it's no joke; gimme a break!
to be needed; to be wanted