this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to translate; to interpret
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
scene; setting; scene (in a movie, play); shot; state of the market
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to be worried; to be troubled
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
consent; assent; agreement; understanding; comprehension; grasp
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hold down; to twist someone's arm; to force (someone) to yield (e.g. an argument); to make (someone) surrender
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become