indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
affirmation; affirmative (logic)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be helpful; to be dependable; to stand by (someone)
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
Saturday; earth; dirt; land; lands; earth (third of the five elements)
cleaning; clean-up; garbage collection; scavenging
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")