indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
scoring; score; points made; marks obtained; goals; runs
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
rough; wild; violent; immoderate; extravagant; reckless
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
that's good; that's nice; like (on social media); is that clear?; OK?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
manner of speaking; mode of expression; way of saying something
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
burden; load (e.g. CPU time, electricity, etc.)
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thanks (for coming, helping, etc.); glad you could make it; tiredness; fatigue
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how long; how much; to what extent
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to talk; to chat; to chatter
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
weekly publication; weekly magazine