indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
valuable; worthwhile; worthy; worth doing
one way or another; in many ways; in various ways
study; research; investigation
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
body; body blow (in boxing)
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to break; to destroy; to wreck; to ruin; to break (a bill, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
wise ruler; enlightened monarch; benevolent lord
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know