indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
step; stride; counter for steps
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
useless; no future in it; doesn't make sense; having no point
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be worried; to be troubled
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
leaving a decision to someone else (often of a meal to be selected by the chef); omakase
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
we; us; I; me; my store (business, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
offer; tender; providing; sponsoring (a TV program)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
disappointed love; broken heart; unrequited love; being lovelorn
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
pushing; backing; boosting; pushing from behind (a cart, etc.); pusher
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
but; however; provided that
joining (a club, organization, etc.); becoming a member; entry; admission; subscription; affiliation
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture