loyalty; devotion; fidelity; inspector of the Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office (ritsuryo system)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
exercise; physical training; appeal; campaign; motion; movement
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; hour; period; class
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
tuft (of hair, threads, etc.); fringe; bunch (of grapes, bananas, etc.); cluster (of flowers); segment (of a tangerine, etc.); section
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
arbitration; conciliation; mediation
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
to stuff into; to jam; to shorten; to move closer together; to reduce (spending); to conserve; to focus intently on
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
hello; good day; good afternoon
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
sorry; excuse me; thank you