indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to see (a doctor, etc.); to consult (someone)
had better ...; had better not ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; scan (e.g. MRI, PET, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
miscarriage; (spontaneous) abortion; abortive birth
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
how; in what way; how (much); to what extent; however (much); no matter how
unpleasant; disagreeable; abominable; unlucky; inauspicious; ominous
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
older brother; elder brother
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly