waterfowl; water bird; shorebird
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
flapping sound (of wings); fluttering; hum (of insects); whizz (of a flying arrow); whoosh
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be surprised; to be astonished
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to run away; to flee; to make off; to start to run away
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
already; now; no longer; not any more
military family; warrior class
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
himself; yourself; herself
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
axis; shaft; center; centre; stalk; stem
to lose sight of; to miss
to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear; to bear (burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
beheading (as the ending to a seppuku); assistance; help
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on