indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cold; frigid; bracing; dignified
suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
tasks; things to do; errand; business (to take care of); affairs; engagement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
of course; certainly; naturally
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
than; from; out of; except; but; more
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?