question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chair; stool; post; office; position
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
factory; plant; mill; workshop
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
closing up shop (for the day); stopping business; going out of business
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
closing part of a balance sheet; balance of accounts
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
succession to another's professional name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera); Indian lotus; lotus; rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
to torment; to pain; to inflict (physical) pain; to harass; to cause (emotional) pain; to afflict
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to bring someone happiness; to make someone happy
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
to join hands together; to join forces; to collaborate
eighth month of the lunar calendar
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
company; corporation; workplace
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly