and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
legitimate self-defence; legitimate self-defense
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
lay judge (2005 reforms); citizen judge; juror
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
innocent verdict; "not guilty" verdict
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
people who lived in Kyushu in ancient times, and who opposed the state of Yamato
now; the present time; just now; another; more
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in the mountains; within the grounds of a temple
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker