indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
extent to which (something) is true or false; whether or not (something) is true
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make clear; to clarify; to disclose; to make public
please (give me); please (do for me)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
last drink (of sake); last glass; last cup
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
cheap; rash; thoughtless; careless
completion; accomplishment; attainment of greatness or success
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
material (for a story, article, etc.); information; joke; jest; proof; evidence; (magician's) trick
to bring; to take (something) along; to fetch; to get
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
notice; attention; observation
to gather; to collect; to assemble
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to benefit; to profit; to gain; to reap rewards
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...