indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
oiran; high-ranking courtesan; (arch.) prostitute
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
to grow up; to become an adult; to become big; to grow in size
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
torii; Shinto shrine archway
such; like that; that sort of; very
halfway; half measures; unfinished; incomplete; by halves; half-baked
to take an attitude; to take a stance; to commit oneself; to assume a position
spring day; spring sunlight
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
myself; yourself; I; me; you
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
to receive favor (favour); to be much obliged to someone; to be indebted
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something