indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
book; volume; this; present; main; head
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
after (a long process); at the end of; last line (of a renga)
dine and dash; leaving a restaurant without paying
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fail; to blunder; to make a mess; to drink up; to eat up
wherein; therein; thereinto
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
strife; riot; (media) uproar; brouhaha; feud; tussle
encounter; being confronted with (e.g. difficulty); meeting with (e.g. accident)
learning by watching others; learning by imitation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
occasionally; once in a while; seldom; casually; unexpectedly; accidentally
to avoid misfortune; to escape danger
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
impudent; shameless; brazen; forward; audacious; cheeky
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
in terms of both ... and ...; from the perspective of ... as well as ...; whether it be ... or ...
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to employ; to hire; to charter
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
price; cost; charge; payment; bill; fee
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)