indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(really) terrible; awful; (very) nasty; (extremely) harsh; severe
to be given the cold shoulder; to be jilted; to be rejected; to be dumped
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
book; volume; this; present; main; head
disappointed love; broken heart; unrequited love; being lovelorn
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bear; to carry on one's back; to take responsibility for; to accept a duty; to receive (wound); to incur (damage)
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
dine and dash; leaving a restaurant without paying
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
bill; bill of sale; tab (for later payment); credit; contact move (in go); direct attack to an enemy stone; sound effect produced by striking with clappers a wooden board in kabuki
full payment; liquidation
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
passage (of people, traffic); passing; common usage
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to pass (of time); to elapse
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
uncool; unsophisticated; unfashionable; out of fashion; tacky
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
prudence; judgement; sense; discipline; care; control
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?