Keichō era (1596.10.27-1615.7.13)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543.1.31-1616.6.1), Shougun 1603-1605
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)
on the way back; returning
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
just one person; only one
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to fight against; to oppose; to face
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
daring; brave; bold; valiant; intrepid; dauntless
famous; noted; renowned; celebrated; well-known
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
competent in all fields; jack of all trades; very active in many fields; versatile; all-round; (lit.) 8 faces and 6 arms
stealth; travelling incognito (traveling); ninjutsu; ninja; sneak theft; sneak thief; tolerance
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ninja; person trained in ninjutsu and employed for covert purposes in feudal Japan
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
first generation; founder
paying an unannounced visit; rudeness
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah