what's the best thing to do?; what to do?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
than; from; out of; except; but; more
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
together; at the same time; same; identical
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to get drunk; to become intoxicated; to feel sick (e.g. in a vehicle); to become nauseated; to be elated; to be exalted
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
no!; no no!; no, not at all
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
drowning one's cares in drink; drinking in desperation
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
consequence; outcome; result; blame
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder