indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hug someone close; to hold someone tight; to embrace closely
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
long ago; already; a long time ago
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
reality; actuality; hard fact
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
serious; earnest; real sword (as opposed to a wooden practice weapon)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
to be rejuvenated; to feel young again
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
it is I who should say so
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
man; male; masculine gender
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
tightly; closely; exactly; precisely; suddenly (stopping); perfectly (suited)