indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ground-breaking; revolutionary; unprecedented; epoch-making
medical and pharmaceutical products; medicinal supplies; drugs; pharmaceuticals; medicine
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
sales; selling; marketing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
roadside tree; row of trees
another company; other company
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
certainly; without fail; right and wrong; pros and cons
patent application; patent filings
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain; mine; colliery; owner of a mountain; operator of a mine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
patent; special permission; licence (license); proprietary
acquisition; obtaining; gaining possession; purchase
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
to put on the market; to put out for sale; to put on sale; to become popular
collection; recovery; withdrawal; retrieval
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
oak tree; (arch.) imperial palace guard
alteration; falsification; faking
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
learned society; scientific society; academy; academic meeting; academic conference
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
study; research; investigation
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to take the initiative; to forestall; to beat to the punch
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold