reform; reformation; reorganization
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to control; to take the lead in; to have under one's thumb
frustrated (over a failure, humiliation or injustice); annoyed; chagrined; (bitterly) disappointed; bitter; vexed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to apologize; to apologise
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be much obliged (to someone); to receive favor (favour); to be indebted; to be grateful
oak tree; (arch.) imperial palace guard
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
association; socializing; socialising; fellowship
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
expenses; expenditure; outgoings; outlays; costs
to take by deception; to defraud someone of; to swindle someone out of; to cheat someone out of
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to withdraw from (a deal); to wash one's hands of; to lead by the hand