indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
clap (sound of wooden clappers); chop vigorously; slight movement (e.g. poke, small bird alighting); the end; originally end of a play, marked by clap of clappers; dot (esp. typographical)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
prefecture (Japan); county (China, Taiwan, Norway, etc.); department (France); province (Italy, Spain, etc.)
special Nara-period administrative division for areas containing a detached palace (Yoshino and Izumi); secretary; third highest-ranking officials in the Dazaifu
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
young man; boy; son (of one's master, employer, etc.); husband; (male) lover; dear
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
cicada; locust; small-sized pulley
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
slowly (but steadily); gradually; bit-by-bit; slowly soaking in; slowly permeating; oozing out
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to invade; to attack; to breach; to penetrate
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict