from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to collect (debts); to dun; to appoint; to promote; to emphasize; to focus on
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
assistant vice-minister (ritsuryo system, early Meiji period)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to stand, walk, etc. shoulder-to-shoulder; to be on a par with
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to like; to be pleased with; to be delighted with; to take a liking to; to suit one's fancy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
by sheer strength; by brute force
to exert oneself and win; to gain (victory)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
retainer; retinue; servant
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
proceeding to the capital
will not do; do not; does not