inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
provision of lunch (e.g. at office, school, etc.); providing a meal; lunch service
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
price of a flower; fee for a geisha's companionship
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
being in charge of (esp. a class or subject); taking charge of; class teacher; homeroom teacher; form teacher
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
next year; next fiscal year
like this; in this way; as you see
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
notebook; copy-book; note; noting down; (musical) note; laptop (computer)
scrawl; scribble; graffiti; doodle
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
dull; uninteresting; insignificant; unimportant; absurd; foolish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
don't you think?; indicates question
ripening (of a crop); crop; harvest
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thank you for your hard work; good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
how; in what way; how about; questionable
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
guardian; protector; patron; parent
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question