indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bureaucrat; government official; bureaucracy
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fit; to get into; to be fit for (a job, etc.); to be suited for; to fall into; to plunge into
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
vice-minister; undersecretary
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
doubt; misgivings; distrust; suspicion
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
inspection (for compliance); investigation (tax, etc.)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such; this sort of; like this
intelligence gathering; information gathering
way; method; means; resource; course
just a minute; small quantity
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
decider; person who decides; deciding factor; clincher; trump card