Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to deceive; to trick
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
imperial palace (esp. Kyoto Imperial Palace); imperial residence; residence of a shogun, minister, etc.; emperor; ex-emperor; empress
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to enter; to trespass; to interfere; to meddle; to pry into
knack; skill; bone; skeleton; cremated remains (esp. the bones); ashes
emphatic verbal prefix; humble verbal prefix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
eighteenth day of the month; eighteen days
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
political disturbance; political change; change of government; political upheaval; overthrowing of a government; coup d'état
by means of; due to; because of; according to
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
exile; banishment; eviction; elimination (e.g. of poverty); removal
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
buttocks; behind; undersurface; bottom; last place; end
to run away; to escape safely
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
feelings; emotion; compassion; sympathy; passion; affection
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be open (to traffic); to lead to; to flow (liquid, current); to pass; to be understood; to be comprehended; to be honored
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be needed; to be wanted