indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reformation; revolution; renewal; Meiji Restoration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
wicket gate; wooden door; entrance to an entertainment venue (i.e. sumo arena, etc.)
government; administration
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to strike back at; to bite back; to turn on; to rise against; to oppose; to defy
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
clean sweep; purging; doing away with; eradication
already; now; no longer; not any more
rebel; traitor; insurgent
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
difference; variation; difference
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
assimilation; absorption; adaptation; assimilation; anabolism; assimilation (phonology)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to call; to invite; to eat; to drink; to put on; to wear; to ride
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to