to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
together with; same; both; all; including ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to love; to cherish; to admire; to appreciate
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
modern state; modern nation
(outward) appearance; (proper) format (e.g. of an essay); form; appearances; decency; lip-service
to put in order; to arrange; to get ready; to prepare; to work out (e.g. business deal); to arrange (e.g. marriage)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
government; administration
deer (esp. the sika deer, Cervus nippon); cervid
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
every evening; every night
to unfold; to unroll; to open
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
one's nature; one's feelings; plain; unadorned; mere; poor
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
proof; evidence; certificate; license; to testify (usu. Christian religious context); enlightenment